Neurodiversity describes the natural diversity of different ways humans think and learn. It encompasses differences such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and dyslexia. This approach emphasizes that differences are not diseases but are part of human diversity.
- What is Autism?
Frequently Asked Questions
What does neurodiversity mean, and who does it cover?
Is autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/dyslexia counted as a neurodiversity cause?
Because these conditions differentiate individuals' ways of thinking, learning, and perceiving the world. Although medically seen as a disorder, the neurodiversity perspective acknowledges that these differences can also hold strong aspects. This contributes to reducing stigma and increasing inclusivity.
What does the concept of neurodiversity mean for individuals with autism?
This concept reminds us that people with autism should be seen as equal and valued members of society. It considers autism as a different way of thinking rather than a “disease”. Thus, it encourages focusing on the strengths of people with autism and creating living and working environments that are suited to them.
What is autism?
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental difference that is congenital and usually noticed in the early years of life.
What is the prevalence of autism?
Autism is one of the most common neurodevelopmental differences observed today, and it is estimated that 1 in 31 children aged 8 years is affected by it. The incidence of autism in boys is 3-4 times higher than in girls.
What are the symptoms of autism, and when do they become noticeable?
The symptoms of autism are usually noticeable from the 6th to the 9th month of a baby's life. Inability to make eye contact, failure to respond to a name, failure to look at an indicated object, failure to spontaneously point to an object, difficulty in social interaction, and repetitive, obsessive behaviors are the most common signs. Early diagnosis is very important for supporting the child's development.
What are the causes of autism and is it related to the behavior of families?
Although the exact cause of autism is not known, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Families' attitudes do not lead to autism; autism is not caused by the behavior of parents. This information is important for reducing the sense of guilt felt by families.
Is autism contagious or is it acquired later?
No, autism is not contagious and cannot be acquired later. It is a neurodevelopmental difference that is present at birth. Symptoms may become more pronounced as the child grows older, but there is no such thing as “developing autism later.”.
Can individuals with autism live independently in the future?
Yes, with the right education and support, many individuals with autism can live independently or semi-independently in daily life. Some may live alone or with friends, while others can live in supported living facilities. This depends entirely on the individual's developmental characteristics and the support they receive.
From what age can I start applying Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) to my child?
ABA-based teaching practices support the development of autistic individuals in many areas, such as communication skills, social skills, play, school success, occupational skills, and motor skills, at almost every age. Therefore, it is recommended that ABA practices be started as early as possible after your child is diagnosed with autism. Approximately half of children who receive early and intensive behavioral training have improved cognitive and behavioral skills, and their quality of life has improved significantly. The gap between them and their peers has been observed to be closing.
Does Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) robotize children?
Some misconceptions are that ABA robotizes children; however, this is not true. The characteristics of individuals with autism may include routine behaviors and difficulties in communication, which can lead to robotic-like perceptions. However, ABA is a scientifically supported approach to positively shape the typical characteristics of autism, develop skills, and teach new ones.
Who can apply Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
ABA services can be provided by experts who are graduates from relevant fields, particularly psychology and special education. In the USA and Europe, experts with postgraduate degrees or certificates in this field provide services. In Turkey, however TOHUM, the Autism Foundation, Princeton Institute for Child Development’With the knowledge and experience he has gained from 'nden, he trains his trainers behavioral analysis skills are being imparted. Also The Master's Program in Applied Behavioral Analysis in Autism at the Institute of Social Sciences of Anadolu University, By training qualified specialists, it aims to increase quality therapy services for individuals with autism in Turkey.
Can game skills be taught through Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
Yes, ABA is an effective method in areas such as social interaction, game skills, participation in social life, and academic achievement. It is especially used to teach gaming skills to children with autism at an early age. For detailed information about gaming skills methods that can be applied at home, please see the following link: TOHUM Autism Foundation Training Portal’You can achieve this by exploring the “Playing Games” module from the “Acquiring Fundamental Skills” section in the game.
Why is ABA (Applied Behavioral Analysis) considered effective in autism?
ABA is one of the strongest approaches that supports the learning of children with autism through systematic and scientific methods. It aims to improve the social, communication, play, and self-care skills of the child; and to reduce obsessive and harmful behaviors. Research shows that when applied early and intensively, it enables children with autism to reach a level where they can receive education in the same environment as their peers.
How can I determine if a teaching method is right for my child?
For a teaching practice in the field of autism to be considered valid or effective, it must be supported by scientific research. That is, the practice must be tested on children using a cause-and-effect relationship and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Although applications that lack scientific foundation may seem promising, they may not benefit the child and may lead to families losing time, effort, and resources.
What is the cost of using an ineffective or risky treatment for a child with autism?
Ineffective treatments lead to a waste of time in the child's development and create financial and emotional burdens for families. Moreover, some treatments that lack scientific basis can endanger the child's health. For example, detoxification from heavy metals, laundry water therapy, or supplements used without proper knowledge can cause serious health problems.
Where can I find reliable information about educational, therapeutic, and treatment practices?
TOHUM As the Otizm Vakfı, we have prepared guide booklets for families, teachers, and experts in this regard. Our “Education, Therapy, and Treatment Practices in Autism Spectrum Disorder” booklet clearly lists which practices are scientifically effective and which are limited or ineffective. You can access our booklet free of charge from the foundation’s website.
Is nutrition effective in the treatment of autism?
There is no specific nutrition method or diet that treats autism yet. Although approaches such as the gluten or casein diet are preferred by some families, there is no strong scientific evidence that they work for all children. Healthy and balanced nutrition is important for every child, but special diets and supplements must be administered under the supervision of a doctor or dietitian.
Is there any medication that treats autism?
Currently, there is no medication that completely eliminates or “treats” autism. However, physicians may recommend medication for certain additional conditions seen in some children with autism (such as attention deficit disorder, anxiety, sleep problems, or tantrums). Medications are used to control the accompanying conditions rather than the autism itself, and must be under the supervision of a psychiatrist.
Which educational environments can autistic children be placed in?
Children with autism can be placed in different educational environments based on their developmental level. They can receive education alongside their peers in inclusive classrooms. Additionally, private education classes and private educational practice schools are also options.
What is the Personalized Education Program (BEP)?
BEP is an education plan tailored to the child’s specific needs and prepared exclusively for the child. Teachers, parents, and specialists work together to determine the child’s goals and achievements. This way, the educational process becomes child-specific, and progress is more clearly monitored.
Who is the shadow teacher (facilitator person)? What does he/she do in the classroom?
The shadow teacher is the person who provides one-on-one support to the child in the classroom. They help the child follow their classes and other activities, adjust to social harmony, and manage their behavior. With this support, the child can be more successful in inclusion education.
What is educational assessment, and who does it?
Educational assessment is a process that identifies the child's educational needs. It is conducted by special education specialists, psychological counselors, and teachers at Guidance and Research Centers (RAM). Based on the results of this assessment, a decision is made regarding the educational environment in which the child will receive support.
What documents are required to apply to the Guidance Research Center (RAM)?
To apply to the RAM, an identity document, a disability health assessment report (ÇÖZGER), and a referral letter from the school are required. After the application, the child’s educational assessment is conducted. At the end of this process, it is determined which school and type of education will be suitable.
Can I appeal the placement decision?
Yes, families have the right to appeal the placement decision. If you wish for the decision to be reviewed, you can request a reassessment. In this case, the process will be reviewed again based on your child’s needs.
Which educational environment would be more suitable for my child, how is it determined?
The child's developmental characteristics, strengths, and needs are evaluated by experts. The evaluation must also include the family's views. Ultimately, the most least restrictive educational environment for the child is determined.
What legal rights do people with autism have in Turkey?
People with autism in Turkey enjoy the rights defined for people with disabilities. These rights include free health services, special education support, social benefits, tax exemptions, and discounts on public transportation. In addition, their protection against discrimination is also guaranteed by law. To learn more about the rights of people with autism, please visit the website of the Ministry of Family and Social Services. here You can visit it.
What is ÇÖZGER?
ÇÖZGER is an abbreviation of the “Special Needs Report for Children.” It is issued at state hospitals to ensure that children under 18 can access health, education, and social services. Thanks to this report, many rights, such as special education support, social assistance, care support, and tax exemptions, can be enjoyed.
What is the point of getting the ÇÖZGER report for my child?
The ÇÖZGER report officially documents your child's special needs. This allows you to receive state-funded special education, social assistance, care support, and tax exemptions. At the same time, the school's educational planning is also based on this report.
Do children with autism have the right to free health care and education?
Yes, the state provides free education and health services for children with autism. Certain weekly class hours in private educational and rehabilitation centers are covered by the state. In addition, examinations, tests, and treatments performed at state and university hospitals are also free.
How to obtain a disability ID card and what advantages does it provide?
The disabled identity card is obtained by applying to the Provincial or District Family and Social Services Directorate. Thanks to the card, public transportation is free, intercity travel becomes discounted, and it also offers benefits such as free entry to museums and historical sites, and discounts on social events.
Where can I apply when a right is violated?
In case of a violation of rights, you can directly apply through CİMER. In cases of discrimination, you can apply to the Human Rights and Equality Institution of Turkey (TİHEK) or the Public Oversight Institution (Ombudsman). You can also receive free legal support from the disability rights centers of the bars in your province.